Math Game – 10 Little Ducks Went Out One Day

Math Expectations:
Overall
• Demonstrate an understanding of number, using concrete materials to explore and investigate counting, quantity, and number relationships.

Specific
• Use, read, and represent whole numbers to 10 in a variety of meaningful contexts.
• Investigate addition and subtraction in everyday activities through the use of manipulatives.

Health and Physical Activity Expectations:
Overall
• Develop control of small muscles (fine-motor control) in a variety of contexts.

Specific
• Begin to demonstrate control of small muscles in activities at a variety of learning centres.


Context:
This game can be carried out as a whole group activity or during small group learning centre time. The students would have experience and knowledge in recognizing numbers and counting from 1 to 10. They have learned the mathematic vocabulary of adding and have been practicing addition with different manipulative materials such as base ten blocks and linking cubes.


Rules of the Game:
Each student gets a “pond” and a set of numbered duckling cards placed in a paper bag, assorted with numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, which add up to 10. A student picks a card from her paper bag, read the number, and then put the required number of ducklings in the pond. For example, if a student picks the number 2, then she’ll put 2 ducklings in her pond. Students take turns and repeat the same procedure. After each turn, the student would announce, “I had __ ducklings, I added __, now I have __.” The game continues until all the ducklings are sent to the pond, when the 10 circles are filled.


Materials for each student:
A Pond



10 Ducklings



Numbered Duckling Cards




Introducing the game to students:
To begin the lesson, I would sing the song “10 little ducks went out one day” with the students. I would put up the picture of the pond on the board, filled with 10 ducklings, and remove the ducklings one by one as I sing “…but 1 little duck didn’t come back”. After all the ducklings have been removed, I would tell the students that we need to help Mama Duck send all the ducklings back to the pond, explain the rules of the game, and ask a student to be my partner to demonstrate taking turns and picking out the numbers, then placing the correct number of ducks in the pond. I’d review how when we add ducklings to our pond, we’ll have more ducklings. After the demonstration, I would put students into small groups (3 or 4 students per group) and let them try playing!
 

Accommodation/Extension:
Dots are placed on the number cards as an aid for students who are still working on identifying the numbers. The number of ducklings can be reduced to 5 to accommodate specific students. It can also be expanded to 20, played with cards in bigger numbers (e.g. 8), as a challenge for students who are ready to move on.


Assessment:
As children play the game, I’d circulate the room to observe and make anecdotal notes. I would focus on their numeration skills (Do they recognize the numbers? Do they need to count the dots?), their counting (Are they putting the correct number of ducklings in the pond?), and their use of Mathematic language to express their understanding (Are they using the word adding and how well do they communicate to their friends about what they’re doing?).


Lyrics of 10 Little Ducks Went Out One Day

10 little ducks went out one day,
Over the hills and far away.
Mama Duck says “quack quack quack quack”,
But 1 little duck didn’t come back.

9 little ducks went out one day,
Over the hills and far away.
Mama Duck says “quack quack quack quack”,
But 1 little duck didn’t come back.

8 little ducks went out one day,
Over the hills and far away.
Mama Duck says “quack quack quack quack”,
But 1 little duck didn’t come back.

7 little ducks went out one day,
Over the hills and far away.
Mama Duck says “quack quack quack quack”,
But 1 little duck didn’t come back.

…and so on~


References:

Ontario Ministry of Education. (2003). The Early Math Strategy. Ontario Queenʼs Printer for Ontario.

Ontario Ministry of Education. (2006). The Kindergarten Program. Ontario Queenʼs Printer for Ontario.

Classroom Management Strategies

I had an opportunity to conduct an interview with Mrs. M, an experienced teacher who has been teaching Kindergarten for 8 years. She mentioned and discussed with me a lot of effective classroom management strategies, and here are three that I choose to share with you.

The Management of Learning Centres:

In Mrs. M’s Kindergarten classroom, students have an allotted time to choose which learning centre they want to go to. Centre cards are attached on the filing cabinet’s side with Velcro, and they can be changed according to what centres are decided to be opened on each day. Each card shows the picture of the activity, and visually shows the number of children that are allowed to be at that centre (e.g. 2 circles = 2 children allowed). When a child chooses to go to a specific centre, he’d place his magnetic name card beside a circle on the centre card. There is no time limit of being at a centre, but if a child has been at a centre for too long and other children ask to go there, then Mrs. M would give a time limit (e.g. “Look at the clock. When the big hand gets to the 5, you need to leave your centre.”). At the end of centre time, if a child wishes to keep their “projects” (e.g. a lego tower) and continue working on it on the next day, they can leave them on the shelf, but they must make some sort of sign to keep their “project” up.

I really like the idea of letting children keep their “projects”, because it gives them a sense of continuity if they need more than the given time to complete what they’re doing. Daily routines provide stability, comfort and balance for children. It is especially true for children with special needs. For example, if a child with special needs is in the process of building a tower, has a plan of how to build it and what to do next, and is suddenly expected to break all that work because centre time is over, he might feel very frustrated and think that it’s unfair. The momentum is discontinued, and the hard work is lost. Knowing that their work is recognized and respected, and having the opportunity to work on it at their own pace give them ownership of their work and learning.

I also like how Mrs. M asks the children to make a sign to keep their “project” up, because it gives children a chance to write, and to understand the importance and meaning of writing in our everyday life, and how it helps us to communicate and share a common understanding with others.


Promoting Student Accountability:

Mrs. M expects her students to get themselves ready for outdoor play and home time independently and on time. She believes that children’s capability is closely related to our expectations for them. If we set our expectations high, they would strive to achieve more. She also mentioned that student accountability should be based on their success criteria. For example, if she knows that Peter is able to dress up on his own, and he comes over and asks for help, she would encourage him to do it on his own. However, if Chloe usually stands at her cubby and waits for someone to help her because she is developmentally delayed, it would be a great progress if she decides to ask for help, and it should be acknowledged.

I really like how she acknowledges the differences of the individual student’s abilities. I believe that when we set expectations for our students’ behaviours and what they are responsible for, we need to remember that they have varying abilities, just like how their abilities vary in reading or writing. We need to accommodate and modify our expectations and ways of promoting their accountability to suit the different needs of our students.


Managing Students’ Work:

Mrs. M is very organized in managing her students’ work. She keeps student made books in their book boxes, along with storytelling props. Their letter and number books are coil bound and stored on a shelf. Their portfolios house all of their other work. Students’ work are also displayed on walls and out in the hall. On top of work that are kept in the classroom, Mrs. M also posts them on her website, which is shared with the parents, along with newsletters, calendars, homework, curriculum, and other useful information.

I think that it’s effective to put students’ work on a website (and keep it updated) so parents have a clear idea of what their child is doing in class, and to know that their child’s effort are acknowledged and appreciated. I think that doing so shows that the teacher is committed to communicating with the parents, and to form an allied front to promote our children’s learning. Students would also feel a greater sense of ownership for their work, because their parents can show them on the website and talk with them about it. It’s like the classroom wall and hall displays brought home!

I believe that the classroom strategies that Mrs. M discussed with me are developmentally appropriate for Kindergarten children, and that they support the learning of social skills and personal skills. When the classroom is managed based on good organization, consistent routines and reasonable expectations, children would feel comfortable and safe, as a result minimizing stress and promoting motivation and positive attitudes about school!

My Kindergarten Classroom

I used the Lakeshore Learning website to create this classroom floor plan. I find that it’s very useful because it gives me an idea of what kind of furniture and storage units I can use, to compare what would work better, and to show me options for a lower budget or a smaller classroom.

Walls around the classroom:

I think that walls are fabulous spaces to set the tone of a classroom environment. Here are some ideas of how I would decorate my Kindergarten classroom wall:

• Tribes Agreement & Poster
o The Tribes agreement (Attentive listening, Respect/No Put Down, Right to Participate/Right to Pass, Appreciation) will be introduced from the first day of school and reinforced through games and activities throughout the year. The poster will be posted on the wall beside the agreement, which is created with the students.
• Feelings Board
o This is a white board to invite students to draw or put a happy/sad sticker to express their feelings on a daily basis.
• We did it!
o Students’ work will be posted on the wall to celebrate their effort and achievement.
• Season Board
o This is a bulletin board that changes 4 times in a year, and we’re going to add ideas to it as we observe and find out more about each season.
• Word Wall
o The word wall consists of high frequency words and words that we’ve learned as well as students’ names.
• Traffic light
o A clothespin is clipped to different colours to indicate the noise level that we expect our children to be at: Green – we can talk and discuss freely with our indoor voice; Yellow – we can talk quietly or whisper to our partners or small group; Red – we shouldn’t be talking, because we should be listening.


Centres:






Organization of my classroom:

The Reading Area is located in a corner of the classroom. It will provide students with a quiet and comfortable space to explore and be engaged in reading. Beanbag chairs are good for this area, especially if the classroom is small. The Writing Centre is nearby, which would facilitate the sharing of materials. The Listening Centre is also nearby. These three centres are put in close proximity because they suggest quiet activities, and the materials that are required are similar. For example, if a child chooses to write a journal at the Writing Centre but wants to see an example of what a journal looks like, she can easily go to the Reading Area to get a book that’s written in journal format.

The Math Centre is situated beside the Blocks Centre because of the similarity of their nature. Tools stored in the nearby storage, such as rulers, can be used for measuring at the Math Centre as well as measuring the height of a structure at the Blocks Centre. Children in both centres can also share findings and insights with each other. I also put the Science Centre close by because of its inquiring nature. Students can look at plastic bugs with magnifying glasses, while children at the Math Centre inquire about big and small objects. A “challenge of the day” activity at the Blocks Centre can be to ask students to try building the tallest standing building. They will be encouraged to draw a rough design first, to build it (they can do it independently or with a partner), and then to record it on paper. The winner will be announced at the end of the day after everyone has an opportunity to try it out.

The Sensory Centre and the Art Centre are located near the sink, on a tiled surface. Art supplies such as paint and construction papers are stored in the cupboard under the sink, and a drying rack is near the sink. Pencils and papers are available for them to write their names on their artwork, to write a description, or to record something from the sand/water table. This is the area where students can get a little bit messy, which also makes it an area where they’ll learn how to clean up! They’ll learn to use a small broom to clean up tiny pieces of scrap papers on the floor, to wipe the table with wet cloth when there’s glue, to dry the floor with paper towel when water spills, etc. These tools can be easily accessed near these centres. The Dramatic Play Centre requires a lot of storage bins, so a relatively larger space is designated for it.

I imagine the centres to be flexible and always changing. I would encourage some centres to be interactive with each other. For example, a child may choose to write a letter and put it in an envelope in the Writing Centre. He can write his friend’s name on the envelope and put it in the postman’s bag. The students at the mailing office (Dramatic Centre) can be the mail carrier, who takes the bag, sort through the letters, and put the letters in the corresponding student’s mailbox.


Organization Tools:

In my classroom, all the bins and storage units will be labeled with words and pictures. For example, the bins where we store the food in the Dramatic Play Centre will be labeled “Fruits”, “Vegetables”, “Meat”, “Plates”, etc., with the corresponding words and pictures. This facilitates children’s cleaning up, because they can match the toys with the pictures if they don’t know the words. It also helps to provide a rich print environment, where children can see lots of environment print and associate the words with the visuals.

As a morning routine, students will print their name at their desk, and then place it in the pocket chart by the group time carpet. As a group, we’ll make sentences using their names. For example, “I am ______.” or “_________ is here.”

Each centre will have a sign in chart hung beside it, where students put their name cards in the pockets on the chart. If each centre allows for four students, then the fifth student will know to choose another station, because the pockets on the chart will be full.

As mentioned earlier, a “traffic light” sign will be posted on the wall to indicate the acceptable noise level. For example, when it’s circle time, then the clothespin will be clipped to the red light, because students are expected to listen, and only speak if they raise their hands. When it’s centres time, they’ll know by the green light that it’s okay to talk and discuss with their friends freely (but with an indoor voice!).

References:

Elementary Teacherʼs Federation of Ontario. (2008). Kindergarten Makeover: ETFO
! Edition. Retrieved from http://www.etfo.ca/Multimedia/Webcasts/
# Pages/KindergartenMakeover.aspx. [July 24, 2010 ]

Morrow, L. & Rand, M. (1991). Promoting literacy during play by designing early
# childhood classroom environments. Reading Teacher, 44(6), 396-403.

National Association for Young Children. (n.d.). Top Ten Signs of a Good Kindergarten.
! Retrieved from http://nccsc.k12.in.us/perduec/topten.htm. [July 25, 2010 ]

Organizational Tools for the Kindergarten Classroom. Retrieved from
# https://d2l.educ.queensu.ca/content/CTESUM/CONT800/downloads/
# cont800_712_Organizational_Tools/index_files/v3_document.htm. [ July 25, 2010 ]

Writing Conference

Writing Conference

I would sit with Sam in the special writing area, the place where writers talk about their writing. It is important to promote to children that writing is a way of communication, to convey a message – and that’s why we need to share and talk about writing, to celebrate our achievement, and to look for ways of improving, so that we can become even better writers!

After pulling out Sam’s writing sample, I’d ask him to tell me about what he drew, showing interesting in his work. When he says that he doesn’t know, I’d encourage him to describe the colours that he used, commenting on how colourful his picture is. Although he cannot identify the sounds and words from the random letters that he has written on the page, I would prompt him by saying, “Sam, I noticed that you’ve used the colour green, do you know what letter does the word ‘green’ begin with?” I would say the word and emphasize on the /g/ sound. We will sing this phonics song together: “The G says /g/, the G says /g/, every letter makes a sound, the G says /g/.” (sung to the melody of “The Farmer in the Dell”) I would encourage him to write the letter G. Then I would say, “You know what? You have written the last letter of the word greennnn on your page! Let’s say the word again and try to figure out if it ends with ‘A’, ‘R’, ‘B’, or ‘N’!” Then we’ll sing “The N says /n/, the N says /n/, every letter makes a sound, the N says /n/.”

I would start creating an alphabet booklet with him – a stack of 26 cards, bind together by a metal hoop. I would tell him that we’re going to keep track of the letters that he knows. We’ll start with what he can print – “A”, “R”, “B”, “N”, and “G”. I’ll ask Sam to write each letter on a card, name the letter and sound it out with him, and draw a picture (or put a sticker) beside it. For example, “A sounds like /a/, and apple starts with A. So I’ll draw an apple beside the letter A.” Before we decide on “apple”, I’d ask him to give me a suggestion of what might start with the letter A. If he can’t come up with anything, I’ll give him a choice of words to choose from – apple, airplane, ant, etc. The visual representation and his interaction in choosing the representation would help him associate the letter with its sound.

I would encourage him to tell me more about his picture – “Why did you use these colours? What is your favourite colour? What colour are you wearing today?” Oral language development is important to learning writing, so I would work on prompting him to talk more to express his ideas.

After praising him for his effort of sounding out words and describing his picture orally, I’d encourage him to print his name on his work, because it tells people that he is the writer of the message. If he struggles to write his name, I’d use a highlighter to write it and ask him to use a pencil to write over it. If he’s able to do that, I’ll ask him to try copying his name, without the help of the highlighter.

Assessing Developmental Growth

According to the Gentry Writing Scale, I would say that Sam’s writing developmental growth is between the Non-alphabetic writing and Pre-alphabetic writing stages. He can write some letters with clarity, but the letters don’t represent sounds. He hasn’t shown a sign of pre-communicative spelling because he only wrote isolated letters. I would scaffold his learning by supporting him to move deeper into the Pre-alphabetic writing stage.

Next Steps

Printing his name:
I would encourage Sam to print his name as much as possible. A daily opportunity to print his name in the morning would be good practice. I’d remind him that all writers write their name on their work, because they’re proud of themselves, and that I’m proud of him as a writer too. Other activities that would reinforce name writing would be shaping his name with play dough, molding the letters of his name in sand, and using magnetic letters to spell his name.

Letter/sound correspondence:
I would continue to guide Sam to build his personal book of alphabets. When he learns a new letter, we would add it to his book, sounding out the letter, and drawing a picture of a word that starts with that letter. This booklet should be reviewed one-on-one on a regular basis, to reinforce letter names, letter formation and letter/sound correspondence. It can also be done in a small group setting, which would be beneficial, because different students might have a different picture that corresponds with the letters, and they can hear each other sounding out the letters, and perhaps also help each other.

Read-aloud/Shared reading/Songs/Poems:
Since reading and speaking are integrated with the learning of writing, it is important to engage Sam in different kinds of reading and oral activities. I would encourage him to listen and read along during story time, to sing, and to read poems aloud. Poems and rhymes give students an opportunity to practice hearing prominent sounds and rhyming words. Texts that are read should be displayed in the classroom, in places that can be easily accessed. I would also encourage Sam to be the “pointer” during reading time, to reinforce his concept of words.

Opportunities to practice writing:
I would set up a mailbox system in my classroom, where each student has his/her personalized, decorated box. Students are encouraged to write to each other and to me, and I’ll write letters to them using pictures and words throughout the whole year. An example of a note that I’d write is, “I like how you play nicely with Sarah today.” and draw a picture of two kids playing together. If a student needs help reading the note, they’re welcomed to ask a peer or ask me to read it out. This routine would promote the use of writing to convey a message and communicate, and it will also promote a safe learning environment where everybody learns together and show appreciation for each other. If Sam struggles to write a message, or even draw a picture with meaning in the beginning, I’d encourage him to start with using colours, something that he’s comfortable with. I can ask him to think about, “What colour do you feel like today?” and ask him to use that colour to create a picture, and try to write the colour name.

Teachable Moments

I would observe Sam’s use of speech while he engages in playing and learning. For example, if he’s playing doctor at the dramatic area, I would ask him to use paper and pencil to write down what’s wrong with his patient. If he’s playing with the kitchen, I would ask him what he needs to buy to cook a certain dish, and prompt him to write a shopping list. I would look for moments when he expresses himself orally, and encourage him to put his oral ideas on paper, because everything that’s said can be written down!


References:

Gentry, J. R. (2005). Instructional techniques for emerging writers and special needs students at kindergarten and grade one levels. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 21, 113-134.

Ministry of Education. (2005). A Guide to Effective Instruction in Writing, Kindergarten to Grade 3. Queens Printer for Ontario.

The Very Quiet Cricket Read-Aloud Lesson Plan

Assessment Tools - Anecdotal Records

What are Anecdotal Records?

Anecdotal records are used to record direct observations, usually done by focusing on a few students at a time (Ontario Ministry of Education, 2003). All students should be recorded in turn, not only the ones who have specific needs. We should avoid comparison between students. Anecdotal records might come in the form of sticky notes, templates, audiotape, pictures, etc. (Children First, 1994) They are used to record factual information, and we need to be objective and avoid biases as we record (Ontario Ministry of Education, 2003). If we do make any interpretations, it should be made clear. This tool can be used to document behavior, social interaction, as well as academic goals. It is important to have expectations in mind while we make anecdotal records, so we have a focus on what we are looking for in our observation. They should be taken in various times during the day – arrival, circle time, activity centres, large group and small group instruction, play time, etc. (Children First, 1994). All anecdotal records should be dated and organized in a binder/folder so they can be conveniently accessed and reviewed. Regular assessment should take place (Brewer & Harp, 2000).

Anecdotal Records in the Kindergarten Classroom

There are a variety of ways that anecdotal records can be used effectively in the Kindergarten classroom. During literacy centres, we can ask students to print their names, making aids (e.g. a poster with all the alphabets) available. We can focus on a few students and observe their writing – the strokes of the letters, spacing, if they need to use the aid or ask for help, etc.) We can also provide them with tracing templates of their names, to make notes on their ability to trace if they have trouble writing. Another way to assess students with anecdotal records is to put letters in the sand table, and ask them to recognize specific letter names and sounds, or to spell their name with the alphabets. A way to assess a student’s social interaction (e.g. if we want to know how a student shares and plays with others), we can watch him during play time and focus on questions like “Is he asking when he wants a toy that somebody is playing with? If he does, what kind of words is he using?”, “How well does he follow game rules as he play with others?”, etc. To assess behaviours, we can make notes on how a student’s emotions and behaviours change throughout the day. For example, does he listen and pay attention in the morning, but acts out in the afternoon? What did he do? Before we make any interpretations, we should ask him to tell us how he feels, and if he’s feeling frustrated, what’s the cause of that.
Anecdotal records are great to document details of observation, but it shouldn’t be used in isolation. They should be made regularly to avoid biases, and we need to make sure that we are not putting vague and generic comments. Like all other assessment tools, anecdotal records are used to help us understand where our children stand, so we can plan for strategies to help them work on specific skills to reach specific goals.


References:

Ontario Ministry of Education (2003). A Guide to Effective Instruction in Reading, Kindergarten to Grade 3. [On-line]. Available at http://www.eworkshop.on.ca/edu/resources/guides/Reading_K_3_English.pdf. Accessed [July 12, 2010].

Brewer, J. & Harp, B. (2000). Beginning Reading and Writing, 2000: Chapter 13: Assessing Reading and Writing in the Early Years. [On-line]. Available at http://www.learner.org/workshops/readingk2/support/AssessingReading.1.pdf. Accessed [July 12, 2010].

Children First: A Curriculum Guide For Kindergarten (1994). Evaluation. [On-line]. Available at http://www.sasked.gov.sk.ca/docs/kindergarten/kindstu.html. Accessed [July 13, 2010].

Kindergarten Parent Orientation Slideshow